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Welcome to PHIL 106, Introduction to Logic

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By now you have probably received your postcard from the Distance Learning Office and that means you are registered in the online Introduction to Logic course.

Your first step will be to login to our Angel classroom.

This is a fully online class, so that means most of it will take place in an online classroom using Angel. We will also be using a few other online resources. So the first step will be to learn how to login 1) to our Angel classroom, 2) to our textbook’s iLrn site for doing exercises, and 3) to the Tarski’s World site.

Below are instructions for logging in to each of these locations. It will be important to learn right now, well before formal instruction begins, how to login to each of these sites. Below are instructions for how to login to each site.

How to login to our Angel classroom

Class discussions about the assignments and exercises will all happen in our Angel classroom, so you will want to login and learn to navigate the classroom right away. Here's how to login to our classroom:

  • go to: http://northseattle.angellearning.com (or simply click on the Angel Class Login in the links bar over there on your left)

  • on that page you will enter your username and password
    • your username is: your full 9 digit Student ID number
    • your password is: your full 9 digit Student ID number
    • as soon as you are logged in you’ll want to go to the Preferences section and enter your email address.
  • Notes:
    • The Angel folks suggest that you download the free version of Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox. Angel tells us that at this time the Safari browser is not supported. (I use it, though, and it seems to work fairly well most of the time). If you have loaded a special software tool bar such as the Google or Yahoo toolbar into your browser, this may interfere with your courseware and cause it to not work properly.
    • It is very important when you log into your Angel account for the first time that you update your email address. Once logged in, click on the “Preferences” button on the left side of the page. Then choose “Personal Information.' In the 'User Profile Editor' you need to enter a current email address under the 'Contact Settings'. Remember to click “SAVE” at the bottom of the page. This will insure that auto tech support will be able to reach you.
    • A Student Essentials Guide about how to use Angel is available here. Click the plus (+) sign in the left column to see features in Angel you can get help with, then click the plus (+) sign next to those features to see more. The “Common Tasks” feature may be a good place to start.
    • You can also get help by clicking on the question mark button on the left side of the Angel classroom page, once you're logged in.

How to login to iLrn

iLrn is the website associated with our large textbook, A Concise Introduction to Logic, Tenth edition, by Patrick Hurley. Many of the exercises you will do this quarter will be done on the iLrn website, so you’ll want to learn right away how to login to and navigate the iLrn site.

How to login to iLrn

  • go to: http://www.ilrn.com
  • click on Create an Account
  • On the next page, select Washington from the dropdown menu
  • type North Seattle Community College into the School name blank, and click Search
  • on the next page select the radio button for North Seattle Community College
  • click continue
  • the far right option says “CourseKey and Content Access Code” – choose that option
  • type in the Course Key from your instructor and the Content Access code from the iLrn access card that came bundled with your text
  • click continue
  • type in your personal information
  • confirm and submit for registration

Suggestion: copy and paste your CourseKey into the field (it’s easy for typos to occur which will prevent it from going through).

iLrn Tech Support
Once you're logged into iLrn they do provide some tech support services. To access those services, go to: http://cengage.com/support

In the 'Select a product' dropdown menu under the Student section, select 'CengageNOW,' then click Go.

That takes you to a page that has the following tech support options:

  • a phone number (1-800-354-9706 Option 5, then Option 2)
  • a link to a 24/7 online tech support chat service, and
  • a link for submitting questions via email

The Learning Logic program

The Learning Logic program is an additional optional learning aid that comes on the DVD bundled in with your Hurley textbook. To access this program simply insert the DVD in your computer's DVD drive and click on MacMain (if you're using a Mac) or on MAIN.SWF (if you're using a PC).

The same Learning Logic program is also available on the iLrn site. To access it there, simply login to iLrn (using the instructions above) and [add instructions here]

How to login to Tarski’s World and the Submit application

A little later in the quarter you will be doing exercises in the book Tarski's World, by Dave Barker-Plummer, Jon Barwise & John Etchemendy. Those exercises will be automatically checked by an an online service. You login to that service by means of a little application called 'Submit.' Both applications, Tarski's World and Submit, are included on the DVD included with your Tarski's World book.

Here's how you login to that site:

  • launch the Submit application from the DVD that came with your Tarski's World book
  • fill in the registration ID that came with your Tarski's World book
  • enter your name and email address, and your instructor's name and email address
  • then save, and you'll be ready to go.

Your books:

The books for our course are available at the NSCC bookstore, or from most online booksellers, or from local bookstores. A few of our readings will be available in full text editions online and you will be able to access those via the internet. As we get into the course I will let you know which readings will be available online. If you wish to contact the NSCC bookstore they can be reached at 206-527-3637. Their hours can be found on the North Seattle website.

If you do not have access to a computer at home, an online course such as this may be a real challenge for you. Still, there are open computer labs on campus that are available to all enrolled students.

Open computer labs:

There are two open computer labs available to all North students.The labs are located in the Instructional Building (IB) room 3303 (this lab has both PC's and Macs) and in the High Tech Learning Center (HT) room 1845B (all PC's). North's open computer labs have the widest variety of software on the campus and are open for walk-in use. The hours vary each quarter so please check either the NSCC homepage or the doors outside the labs for specific lab hours. Policies and procedures for the labs are posted in the labs and the lab staff are very good about being available for help.

For help:

A reminder: You can always ask fellow students for help, or you can ask the support staff in any of the computer labs on campus for help.

The Distance Learning Office at North Seattle is also prepared to answer your questions. Call or email for help. You may email the Distance Learning Office or phone them at 206-527-3738.

You may want to print out this message if it isn't comfortable to read on your screen. Some folks find that if a page is more than one screen long it is sometimes easier to just print it out and read it away from the computer. You may also want to do this for some of the online readings you'll be reading this quarter. You may also want to print the class schedule (though I'll be adding to it periodically), just so you have a printed version of when things are due.

A preliminary requirement:

You'll need to write a short biography about yourself, maybe a page or so long, or as long as you like. You'll post this in our classroom in the folder titled 'Bios.' Simplest way to do this is to first open up that Bio folder. Click on 'new message.' Write your bio however you like. If you can put a photo of yourself in your biography, that would be great. (In fact, maybe what we'll do here is just give 623 extra credit points to every person who puts a photo in their biography sometime in the first week or two of the course.) The photos help make our classroom community a bit more personable, and the more personable the better in these online environments. Then send your message to the class. By clicking send, it will place your message (bio) in the Bio folder. In that folder you'll see the biographies of all of the class members.

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Please have your biography posted as soon as possible, but at least before Wednesday afternoon.

After submitting your bio, your next assignment will be to choose the 'HomeGroup' you'd like to join for the quarter.

So, you’ve decided to download an older version of Mac OS X. There are many reasons that could point you to this radical decision. To begin with, some of your apps may not be working properly (or simply crash) on newer operating systems. Also, you may have noticed your Mac’s performance went down right after the last update. Finally, if you want to run a parallel copy of Mac OS X on a virtual machine, you too will need a working installation file of an older Mac OS X. Further down we’ll explain where to get one and what problems you may face down the road.

A list of all Mac OS X versions

We’ll be repeatedly referring to these Apple OS versions below, so it’s good to know the basic macOS timeline.

Cheetah 10.0Puma 10.1Jaguar 10.2
Panther 10.3Tiger 10.4Leopard 10.5
Snow Leopard 10.6Lion 10.7Mountain Lion 10.8
Mavericks 10.9Yosemite 10.10El Capitan 10.11
Sierra 10.12High Sierra 10.13Mojave 10.14
Catalina 10.15

STEP 1. Prepare your Mac for installation

Given your Mac isn’t new and is filled with data, you will probably need enough free space on your Mac. This includes not just space for the OS itself but also space for other applications and your user data. One more argument is that the free space on your disk translates into virtual memory so your apps have “fuel” to operate on. The chart below tells you how much free space is needed.

Note, that it is recommended that you install OS on a clean drive. Next, you will need enough disk space available, for example, to create Recovery Partition. Here are some ideas to free up space on your drive:

  • Uninstall large unused apps
  • Empty Trash Bin and Downloads
  • Locate the biggest files on your computer:

Go to Finder > All My Files > Arrange by size
Then you can move your space hoggers onto an external drive or a cloud storage.
If you aren’t comfortable with cleaning the Mac manually, there are some nice automatic “room cleaners”. Our favorite is CleanMyMac as it’s most simple to use of all. It deletes system junk, old broken apps, and the rest of hidden junk on your drive.

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.4 - 10.8 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.9 (free version)

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Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.10 - 10.14 (free version)

STEP 2. Get a copy of Mac OS X download

Normally, it is assumed that updating OS is a one-way road. That’s why going back to a past Apple OS version is problematic. The main challenge is to download the OS installation file itself, because your Mac may already be running a newer version. If you succeed in downloading the OS installation, your next step is to create a bootable USB or DVD and then reinstall the OS on your computer.

How to download older Mac OS X versions via the App Store


If you once had purchased an old version of Mac OS X from the App Store, open it and go to the Purchased tab. There you’ll find all the installers you can download. However, it doesn’t always work that way. The purchased section lists only those operating systems that you had downloaded in the past. But here is the path to check it:

  1. Click the App Store icon.
  2. Click Purchases in the top menu.
  3. Scroll down to find the preferred OS X version.
  4. Click Download.

This method allows you to download Mavericks and Yosemite by logging with your Apple ID — only if you previously downloaded them from the Mac App Store.

Without App Store: Download Mac OS version as Apple Developer

If you are signed with an Apple Developer account, you can get access to products that are no longer listed on the App Store. If you desperately need a lower OS X version build, consider creating a new Developer account among other options. The membership cost is $99/year and provides a bunch of perks unavailable to ordinary users.

Nevertheless, keep in mind that if you visit developer.apple.com/downloads, you can only find 10.3-10.6 OS X operating systems there. Newer versions are not available because starting Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.7, the App Store has become the only source of updating Apple OS versions.

Purchase an older version of Mac operating system

You can purchase a boxed or email version of past Mac OS X directly from Apple. Both will cost you around $20. For the reason of being rather antiquated, Snow Leopard and earlier Apple versions can only be installed from DVD.

Buy a boxed edition of Snow Leopard 10.6
Get an email copy of Lion 10.7
Get an email copy of Mountain Lion 10.8

The email edition comes with a special download code you can use for the Mac App Store. Note, that to install the Lion or Mountain Lion, your Mac needs to be running Snow Leopard so you can install the newer OS on top of it.

How to get macOS El Capitan download

If you are wondering if you can run El Capitan on an older Mac, rejoice as it’s possible too. But before your Mac can run El Capitan it has to be updated to OS X 10.6.8. So, here are main steps you should take:

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1. Install Snow Leopard from install DVD.
2. Update to 10.6.8 using Software Update.
3. Download El Capitan here.

“I can’t download an old version of Mac OS X”

If you have a newer Mac, there is no physical option to install Mac OS versions older than your current Mac model. For instance, if your MacBook was released in 2014, don’t expect it to run any OS released prior of that time, because older Apple OS versions simply do not include hardware drivers for your Mac.

But as it often happens, workarounds are possible. There is still a chance to download the installation file if you have an access to a Mac (or virtual machine) running that operating system. For example, to get an installer for Lion, you may ask a friend who has Lion-operated Mac or, once again, set up a virtual machine running Lion. Then you will need to prepare an external drive to download the installation file using OS X Utilities.

After you’ve completed the download, the installer should launch automatically, but you can click Cancel and copy the file you need. Below is the detailed instruction how to do it.

STEP 3. Install older OS X onto an external drive

The following method allows you to download Mac OS X Lion, Mountain Lion, and Mavericks.

  1. Start your Mac holding down Command + R.
  2. Prepare a clean external drive (at least 10 GB of storage).
  3. Within OS X Utilities, choose Reinstall OS X.
  4. Select external drive as a source.
  5. Enter your Apple ID.

Now the OS should start downloading automatically onto the external drive. After the download is complete, your Mac will prompt you to do a restart, but at this point, you should completely shut it down. Now that the installation file is “captured” onto your external drive, you can reinstall the OS, this time running the file on your Mac.

  1. Boot your Mac from your standard drive.
  2. Connect the external drive.
  3. Go to external drive > OS X Install Data.

Locate InstallESD.dmg disk image file — this is the file you need to reinstall Lion OS X. The same steps are valid for Mountain Lion and Mavericks.

How to downgrade a Mac running later macOS versions

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If your Mac runs macOS Sierra 10.12 or macOS High Sierra 10.13, it is possible to revert it to the previous system if you are not satisfied with the experience. You can do it either with Time Machine or by creating a bootable USB or external drive.
Instruction to downgrade from macOS Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS High Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS Mojave

Instruction to downgrade from macOS Catalina

Before you do it, the best advice is to back your Mac up so your most important files stay intact. In addition to that, it makes sense to clean up your Mac from old system junk files and application leftovers. The easiest way to do it is to run CleanMyMac X on your machine (download it for free here).

Visit your local Apple Store to download older OS X version

If none of the options to get older OS X worked, pay a visit to nearest local Apple Store. They should have image installations going back to OS Leopard and earlier. You can also ask their assistance to create a bootable USB drive with the installation file. So here you are. We hope this article has helped you to download an old version of Mac OS X. Below are a few more links you may find interesting.